Electrophoretic dispersion

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to an electrophoretic dispersion comprising pigment particles dispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture, wherein said pigment particles comprises at least one polymer chain comprising a terminal thiocarbonylthio group, attached to the particle surface. The invention also relates to pigment particles suitable for use in an electrophoretic dispersion and methods for their preparation through a RAFT polymerization technique.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/410,810, filed Nov. 5, 2010; the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to an electrophoretic dispersion. More specifically, the invention relates to pigment particles suitable for use in an electrophoretic dispersion and methods for their preparation through a RAFT polymerization technique.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

An electrophoretic display (EPD) is a non-emissive device based on the electrophoresis phenomenon influencing charged pigment particles dispersed in a dielectric solvent. An EPD typically comprises a pair of spaced-apart plate-like electrodes. At least one of the electrode plates, typically on the viewing side, is transparent. An electrophoretic dispersion composed of a dielectric solvent with charged pigment particles dispersed therein is enclosed between the two electrode plates.

An electrophoretic dispersion may have one type of charged pigment particles dispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture of a contrasting color. In this case, when a voltage difference is imposed between the two electrode plates, the pigment particles migrate by attraction to the plate of polarity opposite that of the pigment particles. Thus, the color showing at the transparent plate may be either the color of the solvent or the color of the pigment particles. Reversal of plate polarity will cause the particles to migrate back to the opposite plate, thereby reversing the color.

Alternatively, an electrophoretic dispersion may have two types of pigment particles of contrasting colors and carrying opposite charges, and the two types of pigment particles are dispersed in a clear solvent or solvent mixture. In this case, when a voltage difference is imposed between the two electrode plates, the two types of pigment particles would move to the opposite ends (top or bottom) in a display cell. Thus one of the colors of the two types of the pigment particles would be seen at the viewing side of the display cell.

For all types of the electrophoretic displays, the dispersion contained within the individual display cells of the display is undoubtedly one of the most crucial parts of the device. The composition of the dispersion determines, to a large extent, the lifetime, contrast ratio, switching rate and bistability of the device.

In an ideal dispersion, the charged pigment particles in an electrophoretic dispersion must be dispersible and stable in a liquid medium. They also must have proper particle size, charge polarity and density. Therefore, for inorganic pigment particles to meet these requirements, an organic coating over the inorganic pigment particles is often needed. Currently, an organic coating is typically applied by conventional free radical polymerization technique. However, it is difficult to achieve the desired results by such technique. For example, block copolymers, which are useful for surface polarity adjustment and charge generation, can not be made through conventional free radical polymerization. Also, there is limitation on the amount of polymer that can grow on the pigment particle surface through conventional surface free radical polymerization. The amount of polymer that can grow on the pigment particle surface is critical for the pigment particle stability and density match.

BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 a-1 c depict the pigment particles of the present invention.

FIGS. 2 a and 2 b show two examples of the RAFT reagent comprising an anchoring group, used in one of the methods of the present invention and how they are prepared.

FIGS. 3-5 show reaction schemes of the methods of the present invention.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to an electrophoretic dispersion, comprising pigment particles dispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture, wherein said pigment particles comprises at least one polymer chain comprising a terminal thiocarbonylthio group, attached to the particle surface.

Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method for the preparation of pigment particles, which method comprises

(a) reacting pigment particles with a RAFT reagent bearing an anchoring group; and

(b) performing RAFT polymerization of a monomer in the presence of a free radical initiator to form polymer-coated pigment particles.

A further embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method for the preparation of pigment particles, which method comprises

(a) modifying the surface of pigment particles with a reagent comprising both a free radical initiator moiety and an anchoring group; and

(b) performing RAFT polymerization of a monomer in the presence of the initiator-treated pigment particles and a RAFT reagent to form polymer-coated pigment particles.

Yet a further embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method for the preparation of pigment particles, which method comprises

(a) modifying the surface of pigment particles to introduce a vinyl functional group; and

(b) performing RAFT polymerization of a monomer on the surface modified particles, in the presence of a RAFT reagent to form polymer-coated pigment particles.

A further embodiment of the present invention is directed to a pigment particle comprising at least one polymer chain comprising a terminal thiocarbonylthio group, attached to the particle surface.

According to the present invention, the surface of the pigment particles may be efficiently modified. As a result, an electrophoretic dispersion comprising such pigment particles would have improved optical performance.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The first aspect of the present invention is directed to pigment particles suitable for use in an electrophoretic dispersion. The surface of the pigment particles comprises at least one polymer chain comprising a terminal thiocarbonylthio group, —S—C(═S)—R. FIG. 1 a depicts such a pigment particle.

It is noted that in FIG. 1 and other drawings, for brevity, the pigment particle is shown to have only one polymer chain attached to its surface. However, in practice, the surface of the pigment particle usually have more than one polymer chain attached to it, the multiple chains thus forming a polymeric layer.

The R represents an organic group defined in its broadest sense. Examples of R may be selected from a group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alkylaryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl and polymer chains formed from any polymerization mechanisms.

The R may also comprise one or more heteroatoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or the like.

The preferred R groups may include, but are not limited to, optionally substituted C₁-C₂₀ linear or branched alkyl and optionally substituted C₆-C₁₈ aryl.

In one embodiment, the polymer chain attached to the surface of the pigment particle may be formed from a monomer X, as shown in FIG. 1 b. In this case, the pigment particle has one layer of polymer coating.

For the purpose of this application, the monomer X preferably has longer alkyl side chains or branched side chains, and it may be lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-octadecyl acrylate, n-octadecyl methacrylate or the like.

The purpose of the layer formed from such a monomer X is to facilitate the dispersion of the pigment particles in a suspending solvent and hence the polymer layer formed is solvent compatible. The preferred polymer content is about 1 to about 25 wt % of the pigment particle to which the polymer chemically bonds.

The solvent in which the pigment particles are dispersed, in this case, may be a hydrocarbon solvent, such as hexane, heptane, benzene, toluene, isopar or the like.

FIG. 1 c depicts another embodiment in which the pigment particle has two layers of polymer coating.

In this case, the layer formed from monomer X (as described above) is referred to as an outer layer while the layer formed from the monomer Y is referred to as the inner layer.

The polymer layer formed from the monomer Y is less compatible with the suspending solvent; but instead may contain specific functional groups such as amine, hydroxy, carboxylate, sulfonate, phosphonate, phosphate or the like, which can enhance the polarity or charging property of the pigment particle. Suitable monomers Y may include, but are not limited to, styrene, methyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate, vinyl pyridine, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, vinylbenzylaminoethylaminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, acrylic acid, vinyl phosphoric acid or the like. The preferred polymer content from both layers, in this case is also about 1 to about 25 wt %, based on the pigment particle to which the polymer chemically bond.

In order to protect particles from agglomeration and settling in the display dispersion, the presence of the outer layer is essential, especially if the inner layer contains functional groups such as acid or amine for charging purpose.

In some cases, in order to avoid severe agglomeration and overly high charge density introduced by the functional groups, a random copolymer layer of a functional monomer Y as described above with a monomer X also as described above, may be formed as the inner layer. For example, lauryl acrylate may react with a monomer such as styrene, methyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate or hydroxypropyl acrylate to form a copolymer as the inner layer. In this case, the preferred molar ratio of monomer X to monomer Y is between 10:1 to 1:1.

For the two layer structure, by adjusting the thickness of the inner and outer layers, it is possible to control the polarity of the particle and the interaction between the particles, which would have a significant impact on particle size, agglomeration status and charge intensity of the pigment particles in an electrophoretic dispersion.

The two layer structure allows for an electrophoretic dispersion to have tunable performance, including reflectance, speed and bistability.

The two layer structure of pigment particles as shown in FIG. 1 c also have been found to be especially effective in improving the contrast ratio of an electrophoretic display.

The pigment particles of the present invention may be prepared in a variety of ways.

In one embodiment, the surface of the particles may be first treated with a RAFT (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer) reagent comprising an anchoring group.

More specifically, the method comprises the following steps:

(a) reacting pigment particles with a RAFT reagent bearing an anchoring group; and

(b) performing RAFT polymerization of a monomer in the presence of a free radical initiator to form polymer-coated pigment particles.

In Step (a), the RAFT reagent bears both a thiocarbonyl thio group and an anchoring group which is able to covalently or ionically bond to the pigment surface. Such a reagent may be represented by the following formula:

R—C(═S)—S-A-B  (I)

wherein R is defined as above, A is a linking moiety and B is an anchoring group. The linking moiety, A, may be any moiety which can chemically link the thiocarbonyl thio group to the anchoring group. For example, A may be an optionally substituted alkylene or arylene, which may or may not comprise heteroatom(s). The anchoring group, B, for example, may be a carboxylic acid group, a primary or secondary amino group, a hydroxyl group, a mecapto group, a silane group or the like.

For brevity, a compound of Formula (I) may be referred to as a RAFT reagent comprising an anchoring group.

The RAFT reagents of Formula (I) may be prepared by methods known in the art (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,894,116 or “Water-Soluble Polymers. 81. Direct Synthesis of Hydrophilic Styrenic-Based Homopolymers and Block Copolymers in Aqueous Solution via RAFT” by Mitsukami et al, Macromolecules 2001, 34, pages 2248-2256)

FIGS. 2 a and 2 b show examples of the RAFT reagent comprising an anchoring group and how they are prepared. In the RAFT reagent of FIG. 2 a, R is phenyl, A is —C(CH₃)(CN)—(CH₂)₂— and the anchoring group B is a carboxyl group. In the RAFT reagent of FIG. 2 b, R is CH₃—(CH₂)₁₁—S—, A is —C(CH₃)₂— and the anchoring group B is also a carboxyl group. Detailed reaction conditions can be found in the references cited above.

In Step (a) of the method, a RAFT reagent comprising an anchoring group is first reacted with pigment particles. The reaction may be carried out in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), isopropanol or the like, at a temperature between about 0 and about 80° C.

In Step (b), a monomer as one of those described above as monomer X is introduced into a reaction vessel along with the pigment particles formed in Step (a). The reaction may be carried out in a solvent such as toluene, THF, benzene or the like, at a temperature between about 50 and about 100° C., under nitrogen. In this reaction, a free radical initiator such as azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) is preferably added. This method forms the pigment particles having one layer of polymer coating and the reaction scheme is shown in FIG. 3 in which the anchoring group is a carboxyl group.

If both layers of polymer coating are desired, step (b) may be carried out first with monomer Y, followed by step (b) again with monomer X. In other words, the inner layer is formed first, before the formation of the outer layer.

If an inner layer of a copolymer of X and Y is desired, a mixture of the monomer X and monomer Y in a molar ratio of between 10:1 and 1:1 is introduced first to form the inner layer.

In another embodiment, the surface of the pigment particles may be first modified with a free radical initiator.

The method comprises the following steps:

(a) modifying the surface of pigment particles with a reagent comprising both a free radical initiator moiety and an anchoring group; and

(b) performing RAFT polymerization of a monomer in the presence of the initiator-treated pigment particles and a RAFT reagent to form polymer-coated pigment particles.

Step (a) may be carried out in a variety of ways. In general, a reactive group is first attached to the surface of the pigment particles, which is then reacted with a reagent represented by the following structure (II):

Anchoring Group-A′-Initiator Moiety  (II)

As shown, the reagent of Formula (II) comprises (i) an anchoring group which is reactive with the reactive group already on the surface of the pigment particles and (ii) a free radical initiator moiety. A's is a linking moiety which is capable of chemically linking the anchoring group to the initiator moiety.

For example, the reactive group may be an amino group and the anchoring group may be a carboxylic group. The amino reactive group may be first introduced onto the surface of the pigment particles with a reagent such as 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, aminophenyl-trimethoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane or the like. The initiator-containing reagent of Formula (II), in this case, may be 4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid). The coupling reaction between the amino group and the carboxylic acid anchoring group is preferably carried out in the presence of a catalyst. Example 2 below demonstrates such a reaction.

The initiator-treated pigment particles are then reacted with monomer X (as described above) in the presence of a RAFT reagent represented by the following formula (III):

R—C(═S)—S—R′  (III)

to cause formation of one layer of polymer coating, as shown in FIG. 1 b. The reaction may be carried out in a solvent such as THF, toluene, benzene or the like. The reaction scheme is shown in FIG. 4.

In the RAFT reagent of Formula (III), R and R′ may be the same or different and they are chemical moieties defined in the broadest sense, as described above for R. For brevity, the reagent of Formula (III) is referred to as a RAFT reagent in this application. The reagents of Formula (III) may also be prepared by the methods as described in the references cited above.

If two layers of organic coating are desired, step (b) may be carried out first with monomer Y, followed by step (b) again with monomer X. In other words, the inner layer is formed first, before the formation of the outer layer.

If an inner layer of a copolymer of X and Y is desired, a mixture of the monomer X and monomer Y in a molar ratio of between 10:1 and 1:1 is introduced first to form the inner layer.

In a further embodiment, the surface of the pigment particles may be first modified with a monomer.

The method comprises the following steps:

(a) modifying the surface of pigment particles to introduce a vinyl functional group; and

(b) performing RAFT polymerization of a monomer on the surface modified particles, in the presence of a RAFT reagent and free radical initiator to form polymer-coated pigment particles.

The introduction of a vinyl functional group on the surface of the pigment particles may be accomplished with a material such as vinylbenzylaminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane (Z-6032) or methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (Z6030). The reaction may be carried out in a solvent such as isopropanol, methylethylketone or the like.

The pigment particles with a vinyl functional group on the surface are then reacted with a monomer X in the presence of a RAFT reagent of Formula (III) and a free radical initiator. The resulting pigment particles will have one layer of organic coating as shown in FIG. 1 b. The reaction scheme is shown in FIG. 5.

If two layers of organic coating are desired, step (b) may be carried out first with monomer Y, followed by step (b) again with monomer X. In other words, the inner layer is formed first, before the formation of the outer layer.

If an inner layer of a copolymer of X and Y is desired, a mixture of the monomer X and monomer Y in a molar ratio of between 10:1 and 1:1 is introduced first to form the inner layer.

The present invention may be widely applied to any types of pigment particles. For example, it may be applied to black particles including inorganic, organic or polymeric black particles. Examples may include manganese ferrite black spinel, copper chromite black spinel, carbon black, zinc sulfide, stained black polymer particles or particles formed from other color absorbing materials.

The present invention may also be applicable to white particles, including also inorganic, organic or polymeric white particles. To achieve a high light scattering, pigments of a high refractive index are particularly useful. Suitable white pigment particles may include TiO₂, BaSO₄ and ZnO, with TiO₂ being the most preferred.

While black and white particles are specifically mentioned, it is understood that pigment particles of other colors may also be prepared according to the present invention.

The present invention is applicable to a one-particle or two-particle electrophoretic dispersion system.

In other words, the present invention may be directed to an electrophoretic dispersion comprising only one type of pigment particles of the present invention, and alternatively, the present invention may be directed to an electrophoretic dispersion comprising two types of pigment particles and at least one of the two types of the pigment particles is the pigment particles according to the present invention. The two types of pigment particles carry opposite charge polarities and have contrasting colors. For example, the two types of pigment particles may be black and white respectively. In this case, the black particles may be those of the present invention, or the white particles may be those of the present invention, or both black and white particles may be those of the present invention.

Other than the hydrocarbon solvents named above, other solvents such as silicone oil, halogenated solvents or the like may also used to disperse the pigment particles of the present invention.

In the two particle system, if only one type of the pigment particles is prepared according to the present invention, the other type of pigment particles may be prepared by another method. For example, the other particles may be simply pigment particles or polymer encapsulated pigment particles. The former is pigment particles which are not microencapsulated or coated. However, in order to match the density of the pigment particles to that of the solvent in which the particles are dispersed, the pigment particles are preferably microencapsulated or coated with a polymer matrix to form the polymer encapsulated pigment particles. Any known microencapsulation techniques may be used to prepare such coated particles. Examples of the microencapsulation technique may be those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,110,162, 7,052,766 and 7,286,279, the contents of all of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Step A: Deposition of 2-Cyanoprop-2-yl Dithiobenzoate on White Pigment Particles

To a 250 mL reactor, TiO₂ (Dupont R960, 3 g), tetrahydrofuran (THF) (50 mL) and 2-cyanoprop-2-yl dithiobenzoate (CPDB) (1 g) were added. The reactor was heated to 65° C. with magnetic stirring under nitrogen. After 24 hours, the mixture was centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. The solids were redispersed in THF (50 g), centrifuged, and dried at room temperature under vacuum overnight to produce the desired product.

Step B: Preparation of Polymer Coated White Pigment Particles

To a 250 mL flask, particles (2 g) prepared in Step A, lauryl methacrylate (10 g) and 25 mL of toluene were added, followed by the addition of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) (20 mg). The flask was purged with nitrogen for 20 minutes and then heated to 70° C. with magnetic stirring. After 21 hours, the polymer-coated pigment particles were recovered by centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. The solids produced were redispersed in toluene and centrifuged. This cycle was repeated twice and the solids were dried at 50° C. under vacuum to produce the final product.

Example 2 Step A: Deposition of 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane on White Pigment Particles

To a 250 mL flask, TiO₂ (Dupont R960, 10 g), tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) and 0.5 mL of DI water were added and sonicated for 30 minutes, followed by the addition of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (1 g). The flask was purged with nitrogen for 20 minutes and then heated to 65° C. with magnetic stirring. After 15 hours, the solids were recovered by centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. The solids produced were redispersed in THF and centrifuged. This cycle was repeated twice and the solids were dried at room temperature under vacuum to produce the desired product.

Step B: Deposition of 4,4′-Azobis(4-Cyanovaleric Acid) on White Pigment Particles

To a 250 mL flask, the particles (10 g) prepared in Step A and 100 mL of THF were added and sonicated for 30 minutes, followed by the addition of 4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (2.35 g), N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) (1.73 g), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (0.25 g). The reactor was conducted at 0° C. with magnetic stirring. After 29 hours, the mixture was centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. The solids were washed with THF once and methanol twice, and dried at room temperature under vacuum overnight to produce the desired product.

Step C: Preparation of Polymer Coated White Pigment Particles

To a 100 mL flask, the particles (2 g) prepared in Step B and 20 mL of THF were added and sonicated for 5 minutes, followed by the addition of lauryl methacrylate (20 g) and 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid (0.2 g). The flask was purged with nitrogen for 20 minutes and then heated to 65° C. After 19 hours, the polymer coated pigment particles were recovered by centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. The solids produced were redispersed in THF and centrifuged. This cycle was repeated twice and the solids were dried at 50° C. under vacuum to produce the final product.

Example 3 Step A: Deposition of Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane on White Pigment Particles

To a 250 mL reactor, TiO₂ (Dupont R960, 10 g), isopropanol (80 g), DI water (3 g), and Z-6030 (Dow Corning, 4 g, 40% in methanol) were added. The reactor was heated to 65° C. with mechanical stirring in a sonication bath. After 3 hours, the mixture was centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. The solids were redispersed in isopropanol (100 g), centrifuged and dried at 50° C. under vacuum overnight to produce 9 g of the desired product.

Step B: Preparation of Polymer Coated White Pigment Particles

To a 250 mL flask, the particles (5 g) prepared from Step A and 25 g of toluene were added and sonicated for 30 minutes, followed by the addition of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (15 g), 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid (50 mg) and AIBN (50 mg). The flask was purged with nitrogen for 20 minutes and then heated to 80° C. After 16 hours, the polymer coated pigment particles were recovered by centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. The solids produced were redispersed in toluene and centrifuged. This cycle was repeated twice and the solids were dried at 50° C. under vacuum to produce 4.8 g of the final product.

Example 4 Step A: Deposition of Vinylbenzylaminoethylaminopropyl-trimethoxysilane on Black Pigment Particles

To a 1 L reactor, Black 444 (Shepherd, 40 g), isopropanol (320 g), DI water (12 g), ammonium hydroxide (28%, 0.4 g) and Z-6032 (Dow Corning, 16 g, 40% in methanol) were added. The reactor was heated to 65° C. with mechanical stirring in a sonication bath. After 5 hours, the mixture was centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. The solids were redispersed in isopropanol (300 g), centrifuged and dried at 50° C. under vacuum overnight to produce 38 g of the desired product.

Step B: Preparation of Inner Layer Polymer on Pigment Particles

To a 250 mL flask, the particles (5 g) prepared from Step A and 50 g of toluene were added and sonicated for 30 minutes, followed by the addition of styrene (20 g), 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid (50 mg) and AIBN (10 mg). The flask was purged with nitrogen for 20 minutes and then heated to 80° C. After 19 hours, the polymer coated pigment particles were recovered by centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. The solids produced were redispersed in toluene and centrifuged. This cycle was repeated twice and the solids were dried at 50° C. under vacuum to produce 4.8 g of the final product.

Step C: Preparation of Outer Layer Polymer on Pigment Particles

To a 250 mL flask, the particles (4.5 g) prepared from Step B above and 50 g of toluene were added and sonicated for 30 minutes, followed by the addition of lauryl acrylate (20 g), 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid (50 mg) and AIBN (10 mg). The flask was purged with nitrogen for 20 minutes and then heated to 80° C. After 19 hours, the polymer coated pigment particles were recovered by centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. The solids produced were redispersed in toluene and centrifuged. This cycle was repeated twice and the solids were dried at 50° C. under vacuum to produce 4 g of the final product.

Example 5 Electro-Optic Properties of Dispersion

A dispersion was prepared by dispersing the white pigment particles prepared in Example 3 and the black pigment particles prepared in Example 4 in isopar-G with a charge control agent. The dispersion was then injected into an ITO cell made of two ITO glasses with ˜50 μm gap. The two ITO glasses were connected to a DC voltage source with one as the negative (“−”) electrode and the other one as the positive (“+”) electrode.

An electric field was formed perpendicular to the ITO glasses inside the cell. Any charged species would move toward an electrode having a charge polarity opposite of the charge polarity carried by the charged species, under the electric field (electrophoresis).

In this experiment, the white pigment particles with the positive charge moved to be collected on the “−” electrode while the negatively charged black pigment particles moved to be collected on the “+” electrode. With the increase of voltage or electric field strength, the white pigment particles were more densely packed on the “−” electrode as shown by increasing whiteness.

With an applied voltage of 35V, reflectance was measured on both sides of the ITO glasses by using a spectrophotometer. The obtained contrast, defined as the ratio between reflectance in the white state and dark state, was 21.

While the present invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation, materials, compositions, processes, process step or steps, to the objective and scope of the present invention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the claims appended hereto. 

1. An electrophoretic dispersion, comprising pigment particles dispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture, wherein said pigment particles comprises at least one polymer chain comprising a terminal thiocarbonylthio group, attached to the particle surface.
 2. The dispersion of claim 1, wherein said polymer chain comprises a polymer formed from a monomer selected from the group consisting of lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-octadecyl acrylate, and n-octadecyl methacrylate.
 3. The dispersion of claim 1, wherein said pigment particles comprises one inner polymer layer and one outer polymer layer.
 4. The dispersion of claim 3, wherein said inner polymer layer is formed from a monomer selected from the group consisting of styrene, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, t-butyl acrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, vinyl pyridine, n-vinyl pyrrolidone, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, vinylbenzylaminoethylaminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and vinyl phosphoric acid, and said outer polymer layer is formed from a monomer selected from the group consisting of lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-octadecyl acrylate, and n-octadecyl methacrylate.
 5. The dispersion of claim 4, wherein the monomer for forming the inner layer comprises a functional group.
 6. The dispersion of claim 5, wherein said functional group is amine, hydroxy, carboxylate, sulfonate, phosphonate, or phosphate.
 7. The dispersion of claim 3, wherein said inner polymer layer is formed from a copolymer.
 8. The dispersion of claim 7, wherein said inner polymer layer is formed from a copolymer between a first monomer selected from the group consisting of lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-octadecyl acrylate, and n-octadecyl methacrylate, and a second monomer selected from the group consisting of styrene, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, t-butyl acrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, vinyl pyridine, n-vinyl pyrrolidone, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, vinylbenzylaminoethylaminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and vinyl phosphoric acid.
 9. The dispersion of claim 8, further comprising an outer polymer layer formed from a third monomer selected from the group consisting of lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-octadecyl acrylate, and n-octadecyl methacrylate.
 10. The dispersion of claim 1, wherein said pigment particles are of one color.
 11. The dispersion of claim 1, further comprising a second type of pigment particles and the two types of the pigment particles are of the contrasting colors.
 12. The dispersion of claim 11, wherein the second type of the pigment particles also comprises at least one polymer chain comprising a terminal thiocarbonylthio group, attached to the particle surface.
 13. A method for preparing the pigment particles of claim 1, comprising: (a) reacting pigment particles with a RAFT reagent bearing an anchoring group; and (b) performing RAFT polymerization of a monomer in the presence of a free radical initiator to form polymer-coated pigment particles.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said monomer is selected from the group consisting of lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-octadecyl acrylate, and n-octadecyl methacrylate.
 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising that step (b) is carried out with a second monomer in the presence of a second free radical initiator, wherein said monomer is selected from the group consisting of styrene, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, t-butyl acrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, vinyl pyridine, n-vinyl pyrrolidone, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, vinylbenzylaminoethylaminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and vinyl phosphoric acid, and said second monomer is selected from the group consisting of lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-octadecyl acrylate, and n-octadecyl methacrylate.
 16. A method for preparing the pigment particles of claim 1, comprising: (a) modifying the surface of pigment particles with a reagent comprising both a free radical initiator moiety and an anchoring group; and (b) performing RAFT polymerization of a monomer in the presence of the initiator-treated pigment particles and a RAFT reagent to form polymer-coated pigment particles.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said monomer is selected from the group consisting of lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-octadecyl acrylate, and n-octadecyl methacrylate.
 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising that step (b) is carried out with a second monomer, wherein said monomer is selected from the group consisting of styrene, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, t-butyl acrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, vinyl pyridine, n-vinyl pyrrolidone, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, vinylbenzylaminoethylaminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and vinyl phosphoric acid, and said second monomer is selected from the group consisting of lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-octadecyl acrylate, and n-octadecyl methacrylate.
 19. A method for preparing the pigment particles of claim 1, comprising: (a) modifying the surface of pigment particles to introduce a vinyl functional group; and (b) performing RAFT polymerization of a monomer on the surface modified particles, in the presence of a RAFT reagent to form polymer-coated pigment particles.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein said monomer is selected from the group consisting of lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-octadecyl acrylate, and n-octadecyl methacrylate.
 21. The method of claim 19, further comprising that step (b) is carried out with a second monomer, wherein said monomer is selected from the group consisting of styrene, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, t-butyl acrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, vinyl pyridine, n-vinyl pyrrolidone, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, vinylbenzylaminoethylaminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and vinyl phosphoric acid, and said second monomer is selected from the group consisting of lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-octadecyl acrylate, and n-octadecyl methacrylate.
 22. A pigment particle comprising at least one polymer chain comprising a terminal thiocarbonylthio group, attached to the particle surface. 